irrigation - translation to γαλλικά
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irrigation - translation to γαλλικά

ARTIFICIAL APPLICATION OF WATER TO CULTIVATED LAND
Irrigation system; Irrigated land; Irrigated agriculture; Irrigated; Irrigate; Irrigation (agriculture); Irrigation Valves; Garden irrigation; Irrigation systems; Irrigating; Irrigation and Drainage; Irrigation and drainage; Watering; Plant watering system; Plant water system; Land irrigation; Basic irrigation; Irrigation trench; Crop watering; Irrigation scheme; Watering of land; Hydraulic agriculture; Minor irrigation; History of irrigation; Agricultural irrigation; Irrigation channels; Crop irrigation

irrigation         
n. irrigation, act or process of artificially supplying an area land with water; application of liquid to a part of the body to cleanse or disinfect (Medicine)
arroser      
water, irrigate
irriguer      
irrigate, supply water

Βικιπαίδεια

Irrigation

Irrigation (also referred to as watering) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from frost, suppress weed growth in grain fields, and prevent soil consolidation. It is also used to cool livestock, reduce dust, dispose of sewage, and support mining operations. Drainage, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation.

There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants. Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In sprinkler irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices. Micro-irrigation is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation. Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of plants. Subirrigation has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising the water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants.

Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection. Irrigation can be supplementary to rainfall, which is common in many parts of the world as rainfed agriculture, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons.

The environmental effects of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme. The effects stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme. Amongst some of these problems is depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting. Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage.

Παραδείγματα από το σώμα κειμένου για irrigation
1. Cest ainsi quen nos contrées, une irrigation hivernale sav';re indispensable.
2. Une aubaine pour les sociétés nationales et étrang';res spécialisées dans les infrastructures –route, rail, électricité, eau, irrigation.
3. Une irrigation très mal conduite, de lavis des spécialistes de leau, de lagriculture et des autorités locales.
4. L‘ensemble de ce programme a pour objectif de satisfaire tous les besoins (Alimentation en Eau Potable "AEP" et en irrigation) pour toutes les régions dans le scénario d‘une année pluviométrique moyenne ou de couvrir la totalité des besoins en Alimentation en Eau Potable (AEP) et 60% des besoins en irrigation, dans le cas d‘une année s';che.
5. Résultat: en 2000, l‘Afrique subsaharienne a consacré 4% des dépenses publiques ŕ l‘aménagement d‘infrastructures agricoles (routes, irrigation, silos), contre 11% dans les grands pays émergents.
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